Gypsum board plays a central role in protecting building occupants and preserving structural integrity during a fire event. Two specialized gypsum board categories, type X and type C, are widely used in fire-rated wall, ceiling, and shaft assemblies. Understanding how these products differ helps designers, code officials, and contractors specify the correct board for the intended application.
What Is Type X Gypsum Board?
Type X gypsum board is the baseline fire-resistive gypsum panel defined in ASTM C1396/C1396M, Standard Specification for Gypsum Board. The standard distinguishes between regular gypsum board and type X, with the latter formulated to provide improved fire resistance through special core additives. These additives enhance the board’s ability to remain intact when exposed to elevated temperatures.
5/8” type X gypsum board is defined in ASTM C1396 as gypsum board that provide at least a one-hour fire-resistance rating when the board is installed parallel to and on both sides of load-bearing 2×4 wood studs spaced 16 inches on center. The attachment method must use 6d coated nails that are 1-7/8 inches long, with a shank diameter of 0.0915 inch and a head diameter of 1/4 inch, spaced 7 inches on center. Gypsum board joints must be staggered 16 inches on each side of the partition.
The assembly must be tested in accordance with ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
Type X gypsum board is also the foundation for many generic fire-resistive-rated systems published in the GA-600 Fire Resistance and Sound Control Design Manual. These assemblies rely on tested combinations of panel thickness, fastener spacing, stud configuration, and joint treatment. In proprietary systems, manufacturers may specify particular type X products with additional performance characteristics.
What Is Type C Gypsum Board?
Type C gypsum board builds on the fire-resistive properties of type X and provides enhanced fire performance beyond the requirements of ASTM C1396. Type C is considered a proprietary type X gypsum board, manufactured with a more advanced core formulation designed to improve dimensional stability and retention of integrity when exposed to fire.
Because type C is proprietary, manufacturers determine the precise additives used, and system listings must reference specific products. In GA-600, any system listing that requires type C will be clearly identified, and only the exact board specified may be used.
Why the Distinction Matters
Using type X where type C is required can compromise a fire-resistive rating. In any system where a 5/8 inch type X board is described in a system, a 5/8 inch type C board may be used. In any system where a 1/2 inch type X board is described in a system, a 1/2 inch type C board may be used. Consult with the board manufacturer for specific product recommendations. GA-600 system listings clearly identify when a proprietary type C product must be used. Because fire tests are conducted with specific materials and configurations, substitutions can invalidate an assembly’s rating.
Understanding these distinctions ensures accurate specification, reliable code compliance, and effective fire protection. In short: all type C boards are type X, but not all type X boards meet the enhanced performance requirements of type C.